Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive coccus which colonises the nose, perineum, axillae, eyes, wound sites, and toe webs. It is a rare condition, which tends to occur in younger children. Treatment is antistaphylococcal antibiotics and local. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is a response to a staphylococcus staph infection.
In children, the disease usually starts with fussiness, tiredness, and a fever. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is an infection of the skin. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is counted as one of the major skin infections. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a painful, blistering skin condition which may cover a wide area of skin. Newborns are particularly susceptible to these exfoliative toxins.
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is a serious skin infection. It rarely occurs in older people except for those with kidney failure or a weakened immune system. The staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is among the bacterial skin infections that cause blistering and skin exfoliation. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome occurs almost exclusively in infants and children under the age of 6. These blisters can occur at areas of the skin away from the initial site. The infection causes peeling skin over large parts of the body. The primary infection often begins during the first few days of life in. Epidemiological data of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in france from 1997 to 2007 and microbiological characteristics of staphylococcus aureus associated strains. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is usually from a bacterial infection. It begins with reddening and blistering around the mouth, nostrils, and periocular area. The skin then resembles a scald or burn, which is why this condition is called the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ritters disease. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacteria to infect the skin, eyes and nose. We present a case of a 2monthold infant with complaints of fever. Apr 05, 2018 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a pathological condition usually found in children and immune compromised individuals caused due to bacteria staphylococcus aureus. The disease can be lifethreatening and needs treatment. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is an acute epidermolysis caused by a staphylococcal toxin. When staphylococcus aureus infects the skin, it can. Staphylococcusscalded skin syndrome staff lo cok us skawl did skin sin drome, also known as scalded skin syndrome, ssss, or ritters disease, is a skin infection caused by a bacteria called staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium produces an exfoliative toxin that causes the outer layers of. In children, the disease usually begins with fussiness irritability, tiredness malaise, and a fever. This condition is characterized by blistering in the skin surface which more or less looks like a burn and that is what gives it the name of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is caused by group ii coagulasepositive staphylococci, usually phage type 71, which elaborate exfoliatin also called epidermolysin, a toxin that splits the upper part of the epidermis just beneath the granular cell layer by targeting desmoglein1 see also staphylococcal infections. Staphylococcus aureus produces exfoliative toxins that cause the skin to shed in layers. Staphyloccoccus aureus is the commonest bacteria to infect the skin, eyes and nose.
Treatment usually requires a hospital stay, often in the burn or intensive care unit of the hospital. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is a serious skin infection caused by the bacterium staphylococcus aureus. A history of malaise, irritability and fever may be elicited in patients. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is caused by a staphylococcus or staph infection. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome tends to appear abruptly with diffuse erythema and fever. The staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome or the ritters disease1 is a staphylococcus aureus skin infection that typically has two periods of incidence. Staphylococcalscaldedskinsyndrome archives of disease in. Dec 04, 2012 this video explains scalded skin syndrome, a disease caused by s. Fong of calgary, alberta, diagnosed staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss, or ritter disease. May 02, 20 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome prognosis most cases of ssss are mild, and the prognosis for children affected with this disorder is excellent. Prior to and following the peeling skin, patients are likely to experience a fever, chills, weakness and fluid loss source. The diagnosis of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss was clinically established and empiric therapy with vancomycin was started as well as supportive care with. Ssss is caused by the release of two exotoxins epidermolytic toxins a and b from toxigenic strains of the bacteria staphylococcus aureus.
This skin condition is characterized by painful and widespread erythema, blistering and its hallmark sign. What is staphylococcal scalded skin syndromecausessymptoms. The damage creates blisters, as if the skin were scalded. Epidemiological studies of ssss in france and germany. Dec 27, 2018 home medterms medical dictionary az list syndrome, scalded skin definition medical definition of syndrome, scalded skin medical author. Previous terms for ssss in newborn infants include ritters disease and pemphigus neonatorum. The syndrome is induced by epidermolytic exotoxins a and b, which are released by s. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is more common in newborns than in adults. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is the medical term used to define a skin condition induced by the exfoliative toxins produced by staphylococcus. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is an uncommon, superficial blistering skin condition, characterised by widespread erythema and exfoliation, mainly occuring in children under five years of age, although older children and adults can be affected. If your child has red, blistering skin, contact the healthcare provider.
Staphylococcal syndrome nicklaus childrens hospital. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is the clinical term used to describe a range of blistering skin disorders induced by the exfoliative toxins of staphylococcus aureus and prevalently. If your child is not allergic to penicillin, the antibiotic of choice is flucloxacillin, given by mouth or through a vein. Staphylococcus is a type of bacterium of which there are more than 30 different varieties. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss in children. Caused by a toxin emitted by the bacterium, rather than actual bacterial components, this syndrome leads to broad regions of exfoliating skin and is mainly observed in immunocompromised patients, newborns, infants and young children. This usually involves collecting skin samples from. Ointments are also put on to soothe the skin and to protect the body from losing too much water. Foci of infection include the nasopharynx and, less commonly, the umbilicus, urinary tract, a superficial abrasion, conjunctivae, and blood. The staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome may be a consequence of cellulitis, another skin infection. A complete resolution of the condition can be expected within 10 days after the start of treatment without signs of any significant scarring. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is caused predominantly by phage group 2 staphylococci, particularly strains 71 and 55, which are present at localized sites of infection. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a bacterial infection.
This allows blister formation and sloughing of the top layer of skin. Scalded skin syndrome is a skin reaction to a bacterial infection called staphylococcus aureus. This is the definitive process for diagnosis of ssss and it helps rule out other skin infections with similar clinical presentation. The patient died 24 h after admission, after having developed multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a condition which predominantly affects children and causes a spectrum of skin lesions. Aug 31, 2016 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is counted as one of the major skin infections. Scalded skin syndrome sss is caused by infection with certain strains of staphylococcus bacteria. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a widespread painful rash caused by a bacteria called staphylococcus aureus, which produces a toxin that damages the outer layer of the skin causing it to be shed. Albert einstein college of medicine, bronx, ny staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is the most severe manifestation in the spectrum of staphylococcus aureus exotoxinmediated disease in skin. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in a healthy adult. It is important to make a diagnosis early, particularly to differentiate it from ten, which has a different management and much greater. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is a toxinmediated type of exfoliative dermatitis. Key points about staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. We use cookies to personalize content and ads, to provide social media features, and to analyze our traffic.
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome causes, symptoms. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss questions. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is caused by bacteria called staphylococcus aureus. Childrens medical condition scalded skin syndrome vidant. The purpose of this article is to familiarize physicians with the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of ssss. Dec 01, 2017 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is a serious skin infection caused by the bacterium staphylococcus aureus. Toxinmediated staphylococcal syndromes comprise a group of blistering skin diseases, ranging in severity from localized bullous impetigo to staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, in which superficial blistering and exfoliation follow widespread pai. One of the exotoxins is encoded on the bacterial chromosome, while the other is encoded on a plasmid. Anexperimentalhistochemicaland electronmicroscopicstudy. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome definition staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is a disease, caused by a type of bacteria, in which large sheets of skin may peel. An innovative local treatment for staphylococcal scalded skin. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome definition of. Alerts and notices synopsis staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss, or ritter disease, is an acute disease caused by epidermolytic toxins released by strains of staphylococcus aureus.
Ssss is caused by the release of two exotoxins epidermolytic toxins a and b from toxigenic strains of. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is a potentially lethal complication of a staphylococcus aureus infection. Pdf staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is the clinical term used for. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome information for parents. A biopsy involves looking at a piece of skin under a microscope, and a bacterial culture involves growing the bacteria in a petri dish both methods are used to determine whats causing the medical condition source. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome nord national. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome skin disorders merck. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in healthy adults.
Staphylococcus scalded skin syndrome ssss ritters disease. The disease mostly affects infants, young children, and individuals with a depressed immune system or renal insufficiency. Deze infectie komt bijna altijd voor bij kinderen onder. Ssss or staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a skin condition caused by toxic strains of the bacteria, staphylococcus aureaus. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome archives of disease in. The toxin can also cause the upper layer of the skin detach and to peel and crust. Although dukes identified it as a separate entity, it is thought not to be different from scarlet fever caused by staphylococcal exotoxin after keith powell proposed equating it with the condition currently known as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in 1979.
Key points about staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in children. Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found on human skin and begins colonization immediately after birth. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome american academy of. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss or acute staphylococcal epidermolysis is an exfoliative skin disease and a toxin mediated staphylococcal infections affecting mostly neonates and adolescents and it is rare in adults 1, 2. Early diagnosis and treatment is imperative to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this condition. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, also known as pemphigus neonatorum or ritters disease, or localized bullous impetigo is a dermatological condition caused by staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is a potentially life. The epidermolytic toxins ets released by staphylococcus aureus, particularly eta and etb, are thought to lyse desmoglein1, present on. Symptoms are widespread bullae with epidermal sloughing. It is a disease primarily affecting infants and young children,2 but cases. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is diagnosed through culture and biopsy. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome johns hopkins medicine. Jan 15, 2019 scalded skin syndrome is a bacterial infection that causes skin damage, leading to the skin peelingoff, which resembles a seconddegree burn the condition is caused by staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which produce a toxin that causes the skin to peeloff.
In this infection, skin surface of large parts of body gets peeled off and looks like burned skin by hot liquid. Staphylococcal syndrome is a skin condition also known as scalded skin syndrome. What is staphylococcal scalded skin syndromecauses. Ssss is caused by the exfoliative toxins epidermolytic toxins a and b of some strains of staphylococcus aureus. Its due to toxins released by the staphylococcus bacteria. What causes the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is an illness characterised by red blistering skin that looks like a burn or scald, hence its name staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. A potentially serious side effect of infection with the staph staphylococcus bacteria that produces a specific protein which loosens the cement holding the various layers of the skin together. Bacterial skin infection is a relatively frequent condition in paediatric population.
Abstract staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is the clinical term used. Aug 29, 2014 lamand v, dauwalder o, tristan a, et al. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome medical definition. The diagnosis of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss can be made with confidence in the setting of a compatible clinical appearance with supporting histopathology, and established underlying staphylococcal infection. The bacteria produce a toxin that causes the skin damage. Toxin producing strains of staphylococcus aureus produce two exotoxins naming epidermolytic toxins a and b. Ritters disease neonatal staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in two immunocompetent adults. This infection produces a toxin that can affect skin all over the body. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is the severe condition caused by exfoliative staphylococcal toxins and is characterized by systemic signs and symptoms and generalized involvement of the skin fig. Pdf staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in a neonate. Aside from the obvious physical symptoms associated with scalded skin syndrome, there are several other symptoms commonly linked to it.
Apr 25, 2017 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is a toxinmediated type of exfoliative dermatitis. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss or acute staphylococcal epidermolysis is an exfoliative skin disease and a toxin mediated staphylococcal infections affecting mostly neonates and. Pdf staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in neonate. Epidemiology of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in u.
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is the clinical term used for a spectrum of blistering skin diseases induced by the exfoliative epidermolytic toxins et of staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome list of authors. Scalded skin syndrome information mount sinai new york. Mar 28, 2014 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is caused predominantly by phage group 2 staphylococci, particularly strains 71 and 55, which are present at localized sites of infection. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome skin disorders. Oftentimes, focal infection of the nasopharynx, conjunctivae, perineum, or umbilicus produces toxins that lead to diffuse fragile bullae. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a potentially life. Like other staphylococcal infections, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is contagious.
These exotoxins are proteases that cleave desmoglein1, which normally holds the granulosum and. The incidence, which has doubled in the last decade based on national hospitalization data, is estimated to be between. The first step in treating any disease is a proper diagnosis. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome linkedin slideshare. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome dermatologic disorders. Medical definition of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common form associated with disease. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a response to a staphylococcal infection and is characterized by peeling skin. It causes the skin to become red, sore and blistered. Staphylococcalscalded skin syndrome ssss, also known as ritter disease, is a potentially lifethreatening disorder and a pediatric emergency. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss flashcards. The disease is characterized by erythema and exfoliation and is mediated by exotoxins elaborated primarily by phage group ii s aureus.
Its usually caused by an infection with a type of staphylococcal aureas bacteria. It looks like the skin has been scalded or burned by hot liquid. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome archives of disease. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome pictures, treatment. Currently, the incidence of this disease is increasing in all ages. Scalded skin syndrome is diagnosed with a biopsy and a bacterial culture. It causes a reddening and blistering of the skin that gives it a scalded or burned look. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is a serious skin infection caused by the bacterium staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome childrens wisconsin. It is important to swab the skin for bacteriological confirmation and antibiotic sensitivities and, in the case of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, to identify the primary focus of infection. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ssss is a bacterial toxinmediated skin disorder that primarily affects young children but can also occur in older children and adults. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in an extremely premature neonate.